14 List Of Figures And Tables

List of Figures

Figure 1	A diagram of a sea urchin with spines removed to show pentaradial symmetry
Figure 2	Red lesions
Figure 3	Black lesions
Figure 4	An urchin with test exposed
Figure 5	A bare urchin test
Figure 6	Diagram of sea urchin internal anatomy highlighting the Aristotle’s Lantern feeding apparatus
Figure 7	Fecal pellets of subadult purple urchins
Figure 8	Internal anatomy of a sea urchin with all digestive material removed; gonads can be seen as bright yellow organs, while tube foot ampullae are the clear organs in between the gonads
Figure 9	Commensal flatworms inside an urchin
Figure 10	Gonad index by reproductive stage
Figure 11	A female urchin spawning
Figure 12	A cooler lined with shade cloth prevents tube foot adhesion
Figure 13	Urchins congregate on basket sides, even when food is available on horizontal surfaces
Figure 14	Demonstration of how formulated feeds distributed from above miss most of the urchins in such a system; demonstrates the value of using sloped sides and horizontal surfaces to maximize urchin-pellet contact
Figure 15	An urchin suspended due to chewing on a rope associated with the ranching system’s lid
Figure 16	An urchin with shards of red plastic in its digestive tract
Figure 17	The bin system with an effluent filter sock over the drain
Figure 18	A bin outfitted with a UV sterilizer, which can help in controlling gametes
Figure 19	Aerial view of the actual BML raceways
Figure 20	View of modified BML raceway spray bar
Figure 21	Baskets used in the BML raceway system
Figure 22	An overly-powerful water stream eroding the urchin epidermis
Figure 23	Side view diagram of the BML raceway
Figure 24	Overhead view diagram of the BML raceway
Figure 25	Side view diagram of high flow raceway
Figure 26	Overhead view diagram of high flow raceway
Figure 27	Side view diagram of bin system
Figure 28	Aerial view diagram of bin system
Figure 29	Side view diagram of bin system external standpipe
Figure 30	Aerial view of an actual bin system
Figure 31	Side view of an actual bin system
Figure 32	Aerial view diagram of a Floating Upweller System (FLUPSY)
Figure 33	Aerial view of an actual Floating Upweller System (FLUPSY) basket
Figure 34	Side view diagram of Floating Upweller System (FLUPSY) basket
Figure 35	Aerial view of a cubby in the actual FLUPSY system
Figure 36	View inside a FLUPSY cubby after ranching; note the accumulation of sludge and fouling organisms
Figure 37	The underside of a FLUPSY cubby showing the accumulation of fouling organisms occluding the mesh of the cubby and restricting water flow
Figure 38	Accumulation of uneaten food and feces that have become colonized by bacteria and fungi after ~ one week of ranching; this layer completely obscures the tank’s bottom
Figure 39	Bacterial/fungal growth on the underside of the basket and in the raceway Bottom
Figure 40	Two urchins feeding on the same ABKelp bar fragment
Figure 41	An urchin with high GSI but less desirable pale yellow/off-white coloration
Figure 42	An urchin opener; links to purchase this product can be found in the Section 15
Figure 43	Depicts an urchin with sperm oozing from the <2% GSI gonads; this urchin might have benefitted from pre-ranching artificial spawning to reset the reproductive cycle
Figure 44	Mango colored uni
Figure 45	Pale yellow colored uni
Figure 46	Dark yellow colored uni
Figure 47	Bright orange colored uni
Figure 48	Dark orange colored uni
Figure 49	Brown colored uni
Figure 50	White milt from a male urchin
Figure 51	Yellow milt from a female urchin
Figure 52	Urchin of an unknown sex with no milt
Figure 53	Urchin with GSI <1%
Figure 54	Urchin with GSI ~5%
Figure 55	Urchin with GSI ~10%
Figure 56	Urchins with ~18% GSI
Figure 57	Urchin with ~23% GSI
Figure 58	Single 1 cm large area of eroded spines indicating external damage
Figure 59	Dark spots on gonads indicating internal damage and/or stress
Figure 60	Single 2 cm bald spot indicating external damage
Figure 61	Dark blotches on gonads indicating internal damage and/or stress
Figure 62	Two small bald spots indicating external damage
Figure 63	Blotchy appearance of gonads, showing both dark and light colors, indicating internal damage and/or stress
Figure 64	Percentage of unremarkable ranched urchins by ranching rate
Figure 65	GSI gain with temperature
Figure 66	GSI growth by survivorship
Figure 67	Percent GSI by ranching system
Figure 68	Urchins with internal damage
Figure 69	Urchins with external damage
Figure 70	Urchins with damage caused by air exposure
Figure 71	Deceased urchins
Figure 72	Baskets of urchins from the same collection, which were fed for 8 weeks and then starved for approximately 11 months; note the distinct difference in the number of mortalities between the baskets
Figure 73	Cannibalistic and victim urchins
Figure 74	Urchins with chewed spines
Figure 75	Urchins with denuded test
Figure 76	Urchins with holes in test
Figure 77	Recently cannibalized urchins with test material in the digestive system
Figure 78	Urchins shown orienting shells between themselves and the mouths of other urchins
Figure 79	Consumption of test material
Figure 80	White shell material present in feces

List of Tables

Table 1	Survivorship per basket during trials.
Table 2	Overview of system parameters.
Table 3	Recommended range for key metrics.
Table 4	Urchin flow rate trial results.
Table 5	GSI growth by ranching duration.
Table 6	GSI growth by ranching system.
Table 7	Urchin mortality decision matrix.
Table 8	BML raceway feed trial survivorship.
Table 9	Bin system trial survivorship.

14. List of Figures and Tables

List of Figures

List of Tables